There are four main ethnic groups in Pakistan, which is a multiethnic nation. Pakistan is made up of four provinces, each of which has its own ethnic problems. An amicable solution to these problems will promote national integration. This entails gathering the populace. Failure to do so will result in disintegration. The term "ethnicity" refers to the division of people based on factors such as race, colour, area, language, etc. Both the capitalist and communist conceptions of ethnicity contend that ethnicity is a natural phenomenon and that ethnic problems may be solved via development. USA as an example, a melting pot. The second argument claims that prejudice is unnatural and that revolution can end it. For a nation to be united, harmonious, develop, and prosper, national integration is necessary. For the benefit of the nation as a whole, the national leader addresses ethnic issues to the satisfaction of all parties. Due to its division, Pakistan suffered in 1971, and East Pakistan-like issues also exist in Baluchistan.
There are a number of ethnic difficulties in Pakistan, including i. resource allocation, ii. water distribution, iii. provincial autonomy, v. 18th amendment implementation, vii. CPEC routes and economic zones, ix. Kalabagh dam, x. language, etc.
The distribution of resources according to population and the unequal size of the provinces are the main causes of these problems. Ethnicity and national integration are strongly correlated. PM Mahatir Muhamad tackled ethnic concerns and promoted national unity in Malaysia, as one example. Pakistan's federal system is an example of unity in diversity. Disintegration would result from excessive centralization. Integration has historically been hampered by ethnicity. In 1971, Pakistan's division into East and West occurred as a result of this divergence. Between Baluchistan and the federal government, there have been five wars in the history. Similar issues have also arisen in other provinces. In Singapore, people began to see how crucial racial harmony was for peaceful progress. As a result, government housing was distributed so that all groups were blended and racial segregation was prevented. As a result, Singapore does not experience the ethnic unrest that is common in many developing nations, such India and Myanmar.
East Pakistan Movement, Greater Baluchistan Movement, Pakhtunistan Movement, Sindhudesh Movement, Saraiki Movement, Muhajer Qumi Movement, Hazara Movement, and others are some of the ethnic movements in Pakistan.
Movement in East Pakistan
As the people of East Pakistan were not ready to embrace Urdu as the sole national language, this movement began with language.
Despite the fact that the majority of the population resided in East Pakistan, the majority of the rulers came from West Pakistan due to a lack of democracy.
East Pakistan was a developing nation economically. This problem began when the elected official's power was not transferred following the 1970 elections.
Movement for Greater Baluchistan
Baluchistan was coerced into joining Pakistan at the moment of its independence.
Baloch people from Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab, Iran, and Afghanistan should unite to form their own independent nation.
In the past, there have been five wars: in 1948, 1958, 1963, 1973, and 2003.
Despite Baluchistan Packages' efforts to resolve some of the difficulties, they persist.
Movement in Pakhtunistan
Merging of Pakhtuns from Baluchistan, FATA, and KP into a single independent state.
This movement is distinct from Afghanistan's claim to certain regions of Pakistan.
The nationalist parties backed this movement.
Movement of Sindhudesh
The Sindh movement began in the early 1970s when G.M. Syed called for the creation of an independent "Sindhudesh"—a distinct homeland for Sindhis.
Their demands range from defending local rights to demanding independence.
In Sindh's rural areas, there is some support for it.
It diminished a little because Sindh is the second-most developed province after Punjab.
Movement of Saraiki
Due to the South Punjab's relative backwardness, this trend is present there.
They urge that Punjab be divided into a separate province.
They complain that money is being wasted in West and Central Punjab.
A separate province was attempted during the PPP era, however it was unsuccessful due to PML(N) opposition.
Muhajer Qumi Movement
(MQM) was founded in 1984 with the backing of the Urdu-speaking population of metropolitan Sindh in order to discourage PPP.
Later, it turned violent and established law and order in Karachi.
Numerous operations, like the present one, have been done.
Demand varies by province and by country. Links to division, PSP, and Raw.
Movement Hazara
It began in 2010 after the passage of the 18th Amendment, which altered the name of the NWFP to KP.
The Hazara population in Abbottabad, Manshara, and other places initiated a campaign for a separate province.
The movement was very active during the PPP era but has since slowed down.
Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
(PTM), also known as the Pashtun Protection Movement, was founded in 2018.
Manzoor Pashteen Ali Wazir (L) and Mohsin Dawar are its founders. Baluchistani, KP, and FATA Pashtuns are united in their demands. It was described as staged protests by the military.
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